Human Metapneumovirus ( HMPV ) is a significant respiratory pathogen discovered in 2001, posing particular risks to specific populations, including pregnant women, who belong to high-risk groups. Due to physiological changes in pregnancy, such as altered immune functions and respiratory system adaptations, pregnant women are more vulnerable to respiratory infections for both the mother’s and the baby’s health. It is important to acknowledge the risks associated with HMPV in pregnant women, highlight typical symptoms, and understand preventive measures to manage and mitigate infection risks effectively.

Risks of HMPV during Pregnancy

Pregnancy changes the immune response whereby tolerance is enhanced in order to prevent the rejection of the fetus, this makes the mother prone to infection. Also, the Developed new features of the body especially the changes in the respiratory system increases the pregnant woman’s vulnerability to respiratory pathogens and complications due to such infections.
The risks associated with HMPV in pregnant women are notably significant and vary from increased severity of symptoms to potential impacts on fetal health. Firstly, pregnant women are susceptible to more severe HMPV infections, often experiencing a higher rate of pneumonia compared to non-pregnant women. Additionally, severe respiratory infections like HMPV during pregnancy can increase the likelihood of preterm labor and delivery. This is primarily due to the body's immune response to the infection, which may inadvertently affect the pregnancy. Lastly, while direct links between HMPV and adverse fetal outcomes are not well-established, intense infections in the mother, such as those involving high fevers, can lead to complications like fetal growth restriction. These factors underscore the importance of vigilant monitoring and management of HMPV in pregnant women to safeguard both maternal and fetal health.
Symptoms of HMPV in Pregnant Women

The clinical features of HMPV in pregnant women are the same as in other people but there is need to be careful observation since the risk factors are higher in pregnant women. The disease typically has an insidious onset with fever, cough, nasal congestion, shortness of breath and wheezing. These symptoms worsen into bronchitis or pneumonia that require hospitalization, and more care if it happens during the pregnancy stage.
Preventive Measures– Due to potential complications associated with HMPV, it is critical for pregnant women to take preventive measures and extra care, especially during peak HMPV season, typically in the late winter. Recommendations are -
Hand Hygiene- Washing your hands thoroughly can be beneficial in counteracting the spread of the virus.
Avoid Crowds- Staying further away from crowded areas can lower the chances of contraction from HMPV and other related respiratory illnesses.
Healthy Lifestyle- Taking regular pre-birth check-ups, maintaining a balanced diet and getting plenty of rest can help boost your immune system during the time of pregnancy.
Wear Mask– A mask must be worn outdoors when in the winter season.
Consult Doctors- Women in pregnancy with any throat and breathing problems must contact their doctor. The treatment could be supportive care with monitoring for alterations in health or symptoms of any other issues.
It is essential to understand the risks and manifestations of HMPV in pregnancy to reduce the risk of adverse clinical effect in most pregnant women and even their fetal baby. A reassuring point is that the adverse clinical effect this infection is manageable with proper intervention and timely treatment. During the period of the circulation of respiratory viruses, it is also critical for doctors to become familiar with new studies and advice on medical care for pregnant women.
Authored by: Dr Archana Kankal, Director- Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Sahyadri Hospitals MomStory, Nagar Road, Pune