What is bond market and how does it work
11 Apr 2025

The bond market may seem complicated, but it can be simplified with basic analogies.

Say, the government or a big company needs to borrow money for a project. Instead of going to a bank, they can issue "bonds."

When you buy a bond, you're giving them a loan in exchange for regular interest payments and return of your initial investment at maturity.

This is just like lending money to a friend who promises to pay you back with interest.

Interest rates can be seen as see-saws
See-saw dynamics

Bond prices and interest rates move in opposite directions—like a see-saw. When bank interest rates rise, older bonds with lower returns become less appealing, so their prices drop.

But when interest rates fall, those same older bonds become more valuable because they offer better returns than new ones.

This back-and-forth is a key factor for anyone investing in bonds, as it directly affects the value of their holdings over time.

Bonds have maturity dates, just like products have expiration dates
Expiration analogy

Bonds have maturity dates, just like products have expiration dates.

The maturity date is the exact time when the issuer must repay the principal amount borrowed from investors.

Short-term bonds are similar to perishable goods, maturing quickly, sometimes within a few years.

Long-term bonds, however, have long periods, similar to non-perishable products that "expire" much later.

This detail is important for investors deciding their investment horizons.

Credit ratings as report cards
Report card comparison

Think of credit ratings like report cards rating the financial health of bond issuers, much like how teachers grade students.

These ratings examine the issuer's capability to meet debt obligations, with better scores indicating lesser risk and a stronger promise to pay.

Just like students strive for high grades to showcase their ability, bond issuers strive for top credit ratings to woo investors by showcasing their reliability in repaying borrowed money.

Yield curves as road maps
Road map illustration

Essentially, yield curves are like navigational tools, giving a glimpse into what the economy would be like in the future by displaying interest rate trends over different maturities.

They play a crucial role in the fixed-income securities markets, including government treasuries and corporate debts.

The curves help investors assess the economic outlook and decide what they want to do with their money in bonds globally.