New Delhi: Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is a type of cancer that originates in the lymphatic system, a network of vessels, organs, and tissues responsible for defending the body against infections and diseases. NHL is the most common type of lymphoma, accounting for approximately 90% of all lymphoma cases. This cancer occurs when abnormal white blood cells, called lymphocytes, accumulate in the lymph nodes, spleen, or other lymphoid tissues. These cancerous cells can spread to other parts of the body, including the bone marrow, liver, and lungs.

In an interview with News9Live, Dr. Vivek Belathur, Additional Director – Medical Oncology at Fortis Hospital, Bannerghatta Road, Bengaluru, explained how non-Hodgkin lymphoma progresses and how it can be managed.

Causes and Risk Factors of NHL

NHL can be classified into over 60 different subtypes, each with distinct characteristics and treatment approaches. The exact cause of NHL is still unknown, but several risk factors have been identified. These include age, with NHL being more common in people over 60 years old, a weakened immune system, and exposure to certain chemicals such as pesticides, herbicides, and solvents. Additionally, having a first-degree relative with NHL increases the risk.

Symptoms and Diagnosis

The symptoms of NHL can vary depending on the location and severity of the disease. Common symptoms include swollen lymph nodes in the neck, underarm, or groin, fever, fatigue, weight loss, night sweats, and itching. In some cases, NHL may not produce any noticeable symptoms until it has advanced. Diagnosing NHL typically involves a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. A biopsy, which involves removing a sample of tissue from a lymph node or other affected area, is often necessary to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment Options

Treatment for NHL depends on the subtype, stage, and overall health of the patient. Common treatment options include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and stem cell transplantation. Chemotherapy uses medications to kill cancer cells, while radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to destroy cancer cells. Targeted therapy is a type of cancer treatment that focuses on specific molecules or genes that cancer cells use to grow and survive. It’s like a precision-guided missile that targets only the cancer cells, leaving healthy cells alone. Stem cell transplantation involves replacing damaged bone marrow with healthy stem cells. In some cases, a combination of these treatments may be used.

Prognosis and Outlook

The prognosis for NHL varies depending on the subtype and stage of the disease. In general, patients with early-stage NHL have a better prognosis than those with advanced disease. With prompt and effective treatment, many patients with NHL can experience long-term remission or even a cure. However, patients need to work closely with their healthcare team to develop a personalized treatment plan and monitor their progress. By understanding the complexities of NHL and staying informed about the latest treatment options, patients can take an active role in managing their disease and improving their quality of life.